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英美文学考研重点知识点带背!——The Literature of Romanticism

2023-09-15 16:45:00

今天带大家走进美国浪漫主义文学,这一时期我们共需要了解7位作家,林七已经帮大家作了整理,想要省时省力拿高分?收藏起来直接背!

 

英美文学考研重点知识点带背!——The Literature of Romanticism

一、Background 

1.Time:From the end of the 18th century to the civil war 

开始于18世纪末,到南北战争爆发为止

2.Independence:political,economical and cultural independence

政治、经济以及文化的独立

3.Economic Boom:经济的繁荣

4.Optimism and hope  民众的乐观

5.Magazines and newspaper 杂志和报纸的增多


二、The Emergence of Romanticism in America

1.The buoyant mood of the nation and the spirit of the times

国家的上升状态和时代的上进精神

2.People’s feeling of “newness”  

人们开启新的生活

3.Foreign influences

外国思想和文化的影响


三、Features

1.“a real life”&“an alien quality”

它所表达的是“一种真正的新的经历”包含着“一种陌生的特质”

2.Both iMITative and independent

既有模仿又有独立创造的特质


四、Transcendentalism——The summit of American Romanticism

Key Words

①Philosophical & literary;New England

②Feeling& individual expression

③Features:nature,spirit or the Oversoul,individual

neither logical nor systematized

④Way:self-culture and self-improvEMEnt

⑤Representatives

1.The definition of Transcendentalism

①It was a philosophical and literary movement, flourishing in New England from 1830s to the Civil War. ②It exalted feeling over reason, individual expression over the restraints of law and custom.③ Its major features can be summarized as the following: firstly, it perceived nature as the symbol of the Spirit or God; secondly, it placed eMPHasis on spirit or the Oversoul; thirdly, it stressed the importance of individual. ④Human beings could reach perfection like God through self-culture and self-improvement. Transcendentalism was an intellectual and emotional mode but it was neither logical nor systematized. ⑤The typical transcendentalists were Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau.

2.The sources

Main idea:the product of a combination 

超验主义是国外和国内各种因素融合的产物

Idealistic philosophy from Germany and France  法国和德国的唯心主义

Romantic literatures of Europe  欧洲浪漫主义文学

Neo-platonism 新柏拉图主义

Oriental mysticism 东方神秘主义


五、Writers

1.Washington Irving

(1)Life Experiences

A wealthy New York merchant family:出生于纽约一个富商的家庭

16:began to study law,but he loved writing

International recognition:他是第一个获得国际声誉的美国作家

Political life:他曾作为外交随员被派往西班牙,曾任美国驻伦敦大使馆秘书

Hudson River at Tarrytown:晚年时间大部分生活在哈德逊河畔的住所

Not married:终身未婚

注:欧文对美国文学有着独特的贡献,开创了美国文学史上的许多先河!

(2)Major Works

《纽约外史》  A History of New York

《见闻札记》 Sketch Book(开创了美国短篇小说的传统)

《睡谷的传说》  “The legend of the Sleepy Hollow”

《瑞普.凡.温克尔》 “Rip Van Winkle

《哥伦布的生平和航行》(即《哥伦布传》  The History of Life and Voyages of Christopher Columbus

(3)“Rip Van Winkle”

Story

Setting:begin about five or six years before the American Revolution and end twenty years later Rip(simple and good-natured):描写了贫苦农民瑞普·凡·温克尔的奇特遭遇

Nagging wife:为了逃避妻子的责骂

Wolf dog and rifle:带着猎狗和枪躲进了森林

Drink the wine and falls into sleep:在一个被魔法控制的地方,瑞普喝了一种奇妙的饮料,倒头便睡

Sleep for 20 years:他睡了20年,醒来回到家里时,发现家乡的一切都变了样,他记忆中的那个时代早已变成了历史

He finds out that his wife has died and that his close friends have died in a war or gone somewhere else.

Comment

*Loss of identity: 自我认知的迷失

*Man has difficulties facing his advancing age 对于改变的无所适从

*Conservative: The change and revolution upset the natural order of the things

表明欧文对现代民主的美国持保留态度

2.James Fenimore Cooper

(1)Life Experiences

A rich land-holding family of New Jersey:出生于新泽西州一个富有家庭

14:Yale  他14岁进入耶鲁大学学习,但是因行为不端被开除

Spend five years at sea:出海做水手长达5年之久

Tip:“American Scott”因为他笔下风景波澜壮阔,颇有司各特小说之风

50 novels:Historical Novels、Frontier Novels、Sea Novels

小说涵盖较广,有11部航海小说

(2)Major Works

“Leatherstocking Tales” 《皮裹腿故事集》

The Pioneers 《开拓者》

The Last of the Mohicans 《最后的莫西干人》

The Prairie  《草原》

The Pathfinder  《探路者》

The Deerslayer 《猎鹿者》

(3)Analysis

Characters

Natty Bumppo 班波

Judge Temple 坦普尔法官

②Theme(以《开拓者》为例)

Conflict:Civilization VS Nature

       Law VS Freedom

在《开拓者》中

Bumppo:Brotherhood of man and of nature and freedom 班波代表了博爱、亲近自然、无拘无束的理想

Temple:Law ,order and civilization

注:文章强调这两个人一起把西部荒野建成了文明的地方,因而标题《拓荒者》使用了复数形式。

3.Ralph Waldo Emerson

(1)Life Experiences

An American philosopher, proser writer, and poet 美国哲学家、作家、诗人

Became Unitarian minister 是唯一教牧师

Found the rationality of Unitarianism intolerable and left his job

因对该教一些古板仪式持异议而辞职

Influence of European Romanticism 受到欧洲浪漫主义的影响

Formed an informal Transcendentalists' club 结成非正式的“超验主义俱乐部”

Edited the Transcendentalist journal编辑超验主义专刊

The most eloquent spokesman of New England Transcendentalism是新英格兰超验主义最杰出的代表人

(2)Major Works
Nature 《论自然》

Essays 《散文集》

“The Over-Soul” 《论超录》

“Self-Reliance” 《论自助》

The American Scholar 《论美国学者》

注:which is considered to be America's “Intellectual Declaration of Independence”.《美国学者》被誉为“美国思想文化领域的独立宣言”

(3)Nature

①Published in 1836, Nature is generally regarded as the Bible of New England Transcendentalism  《论自然》发表于1836年,通常被认为是新英格兰超验主义的圣经

②The transcendence of the “Oversoul”  强调超灵无处不在

③The divinity of the man 神圣的上帝存在于人的灵魂之中,因而人也是神圣的

④ Nature is the emblematic of God  自然是上帝的象征

4.Henry David Thoreau

(1)Life Experiences

A New England Transcendentalist 著名的新英格兰超验主义者

Born in Concord, Massachusetts  出生于马萨诸塞州的康科德镇

Went to Harvard at 17  17岁时进入哈佛大学学习

After graduation, he made friends with Emerson and embraced his ideas. 大学毕业后跟爱默生成为好友并开始接受了爱默生的思想

A cabin on Walden Pond  他搬进瓦尔登湖畔的一座小木屋, 梭罗根据两年多在瓦尔登湖的生活经历写成了著名的《瓦尔登湖》

(2)Major Works

A Week On the Concord and Merrimack Rivers 

《康科德和梅里马科河上的一周》

Walden  《瓦尔登湖》

“Civil Disobedience”  《非暴力反抗》

(3)Walden

①Thoreau's masterpiece, Walden, is a great Transcendentalist work. 梭罗的代表作《瓦尔登湖》是一部超验主义巨作

②A faithful record of Thoreau's reflections 

其中忠实地记录了梭罗独自与自然界交流时的反思

③Emerson's Transcendentalist philosophy  体现爱默生的超然主义哲学

④The pantheistic quality of nature  阐明自然界的泛神特性

5.Nathaniel Hawthorne

(1)Life Experiences

Born in Salem, Massachusetts  出生于马萨诸塞州的萨勒姆镇

Be conscious of the wrongdoing of his ancestors  对于祖先的恶性有强烈的意识

Understanding of evil being at the core of human life  邪恶存在于人生命的核心部分

Haunted by his sense of sin and evil  心中的罪恶感一生都挥之不去

(2)Major works

The Scarlet Letter 《红字》

Twice-told Tales 《重讲一的故事》

Mosses from an Old Manse 《古屋青苔》

The House of the Seven Gables 《带有七个尖角阁的房子》

The Blithdale Romance 《福谷传奇》

The Marble Faun 《玉石雕像》

“Young Goodman Brown” 《年轻的小伙子布朗》

“The Minister's Black Veil” 《牧师的黑面纱》

“Rappacini's Daughter” 《拉普奇尼博士的女儿》

(3)Features

①“black vision” 、Evil seems to be man's birthmark.

“黑色视觉”——邪恶的力量。他认为罪恶是人生来所带的标记

②He rejected the Transcendentalists' transparent optimism about the potentialities of human nature.

他反对超验主义者对人性抱着纯粹乐观的态度

Whenever there is sin, there is punishment. 

罪行必遭惩罚。他相信罪恶起教化的作用

Negative attitude toward science 霍桑对科学持消极的态度

Ambiguity 矛盾性是霍桑写作艺术的一个显著特征

⑥Good at exploring of the complexity of human psychology 擅于探究人的复杂心理

⑦Allegory is used to hold fast against the crushing blows of reality寓言是对现实沉重的打击,象征主义则是揭露和抨击的武器

6.Herman Melville

(1)Life Experiences

A famous novelist and poet in American Literature  美国著名的小说家和诗人

Three things:going out to sea,his marriage and his friendship with Hawthorne

影响他一生的事件有三:出海、他的婚姻及其与霍桑的友谊

(2)Major works

Redburn 《莱德伯恩》

Typee 《泰比》

Omoo  《奥姆》

Moby Dick  《白鲸》

Mardi  《玛地》

White Jacket  《白外套》

Pierre 《皮埃尔》

Billy Budd 《比利巴德》

The Confidence Man 《骗子》

(3)Symbol of Moby Dick

①To Ahab:evil

②To Ishmael:beauty、purity、innocence、youth、God

③To the crew:money、concept

7.Edgar Allan Poe

(1)Life Experiences

Lost both of his parents  年幼时父母双亡

Adopted by a merchant  被弗吉尼亚一位富商收养

Entered the University of Virginia 进入尼亚大学学习

Went to West Point but dismissed 进入西点军校,却又因为行为不端而被开除

Remained probably the most controversial and most misunderstood literary figure in the history of American

literature. 他死后相当长的时间里仍是美国文学史上最具争议性、被误解最深的文学家

(2)Major works

Tales of the Grotesque and the Arabesque 《奇异怪诞故事集》

“The Murders in the Rue Morgue” 《毛格街杀人案》

“The Fall of the House of Usher” 《厄舍古屋的倒塌》

“The Masque of the Red Death”  《红色死亡的化妆舞会》

“The Raven” 《乌鸦》

“Israfel”  《伊斯拉菲尔》

“Annabel Lee”  《安娜贝尔李》

“To Helen”  《致海伦》

(3)Literary point of view 

1) Theories for short story  短篇小说理论

①The short story must be such length as to be read at one sitting (brevity). so as to ensure the totality of impression.

短篇小说的篇幅以读者一口气完为宜(简洁),这样可以确保印象的完整性

②The very first sentence ought to help to bring out the “single effect” of the story.

第一句话应当帮助引出故事的“单一效果”

③A tale should reveal some logic with "the fullest satisfaction," and should end with the last sentence, leaving a sense of finality with the reader.

小说应当充分表现一些逻辑真理,最后一句应给人一种“完结感”

2) Theories for Poetry   诗歌理论

①Poems should be short, concise and readable at one sitting.

诗歌应该简短,使读者可以一口气读完

②The aim of poem writing is beauty; the most beautiful thing described by a poem is the death of a beautiful woman.

诗歌创作的目的是表现美;最富诗意的美莫过于美丽女子的死亡

③He opposed didactic poems. 他反感说教性的诗歌

④He stressed the form of poem, especially the beautiful and neat rhyme. He defined poetry as “the rhythmical creation of beauty”

他强调诗歌的形式,尤其强调韵律的美感。他认为“诗是美的节奏性创作”

 

后期将持续追更,各位24考研儿,可连起来背哦!

 

 

 

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